Online Privacy & Surveillance

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Browser fingerprinting is a tracking technique that identifies your device and browser by collecting lots of small “signals” about how you’re set up. Instead of relying on cookies (which you can delete), it uses details like your screen size, installed fonts, language, time zone, and how your browser renders graphics. Put together, those details can

For years, it felt like the internet was moving in one direction: more access, more choice, and fewer borders. That trend has slowed—and in many places, reversed. Internet freedom is declining because governments, networks, and platforms now have stronger incentives (and better tools) to control what people can see, say, and do online. At the

Most people expect online tracking to look like obvious ads or cookie pop-ups. In reality, a lot of tracking happens quietly in the background, stitched together from technical signals you rarely see: your device settings, network metadata, app identifiers, and even the way your browser renders a page. These online tracking methods are used for

Data retention rules decide how long internet and communications companies must store information about your activity. For everyday users, that usually means metadata (who you contacted, when, from which IP address, and sometimes which service you accessed) rather than the content of messages. These requirements vary widely by country, change often after court rulings, and

Most people imagine surveillance as someone “reading” their messages, but government monitoring is usually broader and more routine: tracking which services you connect to, when, from where, and for how long. That information (often called metadata) can reveal patterns about work, travel, relationships, health, and politics—sometimes without ever decrypting a single webpage. This article explains